中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例(附英文)

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中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例(附英文)

国务院


中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例(附英文)
国务院


(一九八0年十二月五日国务院常务会议通过)

第一章 总 则
第一条 为了加强外汇管理,增加国家外汇收入,节约外汇支出,有利于促进国民经济的发展,并维护国家权益,特制定本条例。
一切外汇的收入和支出,各种外汇票证的发行和流通,以及外汇、贵金属和外汇票证等进出中华人民共和国国境,都应当遵守本条例的规定。
第二条 本条例所称外汇系指:
一、外国货币:包括钞票、铸币等;
二、外币有价证券:包括政府公债、国库券、公司债券、股票、息票等;
三、外币支付凭证:包括票据、银行存款凭证、邮政储蓄凭证等;
四、其他外汇资金。
第三条 中华人民共和国对外汇实行由国家集中管理、统一经营的方针。
中华人民共和国管理外汇的机关为国家外汇管理总局及其分局。
中华人民共和国经营外汇业务的专业银行为中国银行。非经国家外汇管理总局批准,其他任何金融机构都不得经营外汇业务。
第四条 在中华人民共和国境内,除法律、法令和本条例另有规定者外,一切中外机构或者个人的外汇收入,都必须卖给中国银行,所需外汇由中国银行按照国家批准的计划或者有关规定卖给。
在中华人民共和国境内,禁止外币流通、使用、质押,禁止私自买卖外汇,禁止以任何形式进行套汇、逃汇。

第二章 对国家单位和集体经济组织的外汇管理
第五条 中国境内的机关、部队、团体、学校,国营企业、事业单位,城乡集体经济组织(以下统称境内机构)的外汇收入和支出,都实行计划管理。
国家允许境内机构按照规定持有留成外汇。
第六条 境内机构除经国家外汇管理总局或者分局批准,不得私自保存外汇,不得将外汇存放境外,不得以外汇收入抵作外汇支出,不得借用、调用国家驻外机构以及设在外国和港澳等地区的企业、事业单位的外汇。
第七条 境内机构非经国务院批准,不得在国内外发行具有外汇价值的有价证券。
第八条 境内机构接受外国或者港澳等地区的银行、企业的贷款,必须分别由国务院主管部门或者省、市、自治区人民政府汇总,编制年度贷款计划,经国家外汇管理总局和外国投资管理委员会核报国务院批准。
贷款审批办法,另行规定。
第九条 境内机构的留成外汇,非贸易和补偿贸易项下先收后付的备付外汇,贷入的自由外汇,以及经国家外汇管理总局或者分局批准持有的其他外汇,都必须在中国银行开立外汇存款帐户或者外汇额度帐户,按照规定的范围使用,并受中国银行监督。
第十条 境内机构进出口贷物,经办银行应当凭海关查验后的进出口许可证,或者凭进出口货物报关单,检查其外汇收支。
第十一条 国家驻外机构必须按照国家批准的计划使用外汇。
设在外国和港澳等地区的企业、事业单位从事经营所得的利润,除按照国家批准的计划可以留存当地营运者外,都必须按期调回,卖给中国银行。
一切驻外机构不得自行为境内机构保存外汇。
第十二条 临时派往外国和港澳等地区的代表团、工作组,必须分别按照各该专项计划使用外汇。公毕回国,必须将剩余的外汇及时调回,经核销后卖给中国银行。
前款代表团、工作组及其成员,从事各项业务活动所得外汇,必须及时调回;除经国家外汇管理总局或者分局批准,不得存放境外。

第三章 对个人的外汇管理
第十三条 居住在中国境内的中国人、外国侨民和无国籍人,由外国和港澳等地区汇入的外汇,除国家允许留存的部分外,必须卖给中国银行。
第十四条 居住在中国境内的中国人、外国侨民和无国籍人,存放在中国境内的外汇,允许个人持有。
前款外汇,不得私自携带、托带或者邮寄出境;如需出售,必须卖给中国银行,同时允许按照国家规定的比例留存部分外汇。
第十五条 居住在中国境内的中国人在中华人民共和国成立前、华侨在回国定居前、港澳同胞在回乡定居前,存放在外国或者港澳等地区的外汇,调回境内的,允许按照国家规定的比例留存部分外汇。
第十六条 派赴外国或者港澳等地区的工作人员、学习人员公毕返回,如汇入或者携入属于个人所有的外汇,允许全部留存。
第十七条 本条例第十三、十四、十五条规定的允许个人留存的外汇,其留存比例,另行规定。
本条例第十三、十四、十五、十六条规定的允许个人留存的外汇,必须存入中国银行。此项外汇存款,可以卖给中国银行,可以通过中国银行汇出境外,也可以凭中国银行证明携出境外;但是,不得将存款凭证私自携带、托带或者邮寄出境。
第十八条 来中国的外国人,短期回国的华侨、回乡的港澳同胞,应聘在中国境内机构工作的外籍专家、技术人员、职工,以及外籍留学生、实习生等,由外国或者港澳等地区汇入或者携入的外汇,可以自行保存,可以卖给或者存入中国银行,也可以汇出或者携出境外。
第十九条 居住在中国境内的中国人、外国侨民和无国籍人,如需购买外汇汇出或者携出境外,可以向当地外汇管理分局申请,经批准后,由中国银行卖给。
应聘在中国境内机构工作的外籍专家、技术人员和职工,汇出或者携出外汇,由中国银行按照合同、协议的规定办理。

第四章 对外国驻华机构及其人员的外汇管理
第二十条 各国驻华外交代表机构、领事机构、商务机构,驻华的国际组织机构和民间机构,外交官,领事官以及各该机构所属常驻人员,由外国或者港澳等地区汇入或者携入的外汇,可以自行保存,可以卖给或者存入中国银行,也可以汇出或者携出境外。
第二十一条 各国驻华外交代表机构、领事机构,收取中国公民以人民币交付的签证费、认证费,如要求兑成外汇,必须经国家外汇管理总局或者分局批准。

第五章 对侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业及其人员的外汇管理
第二十二条 侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业的一切外汇收入,都必须存入中国银行;一切外汇支出,从其外汇存款帐户中支付。
前款企业必须定期向国家外汇管理总局或者分局填送外汇业务报表,国家外汇管理总局或者分局有权检查其外汇收支的活动情况。
第二十三条 侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业与中华人民共和国境内的企业或者个人之间的结算,除经国家外汇管理总局或者分局核准者外,都应当使用人民币。
第二十四条 侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业的外国合营者依法纳税后的纯利润和其他正当收益,可以向中国银行申请从企业的外汇存款帐户中汇出。
前款企业、外国合营者,如将外汇资本转移到中国境外,应当向国家外汇管理总局或者分局申请,从企业的外汇存款帐户中汇出。
第二十五条 侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业中的外籍职工和港澳职工依法纳税后,汇出或者携出外汇,以不超过其本人工资等正当净收益的百分之五十为限。
第二十六条 依法停止营业的侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业,在中国境内的未了债务、税务事项,应当在有关主管部门和国家外汇管理总局或者分局的共同监督下,负责按期清理。

第六章 对外汇、贵金属和外汇票证等进出国境的管理
第二十七条 携带外汇、贵金属、贵金属制品进入中国国境,数量不受限制;但是,必须向入境地海关申报。
携带或者复带外汇出境,海关凭中国银行证明或者凭原入境时的申报单放行。
携带或者复带贵金属、贵金属制品出境,海关区别情况按照国家规定或者按照原入境时的申报单放行。
第二十八条 携带人民币旅行支票、旅行信用证等人民币外汇票证,入境时,海关凭申报单放行;出境时,海关凭中国银行证明或者凭原入境时的申报单放行。
第二十九条 居住在中国境内的中国人,持有境外的债券、股票、房地契,以及同处理境外债权、遗产、房地产和其他外汇资产有关的各种证书、契约,非经国家外汇管理总局或者分局批准,不得携带、托带或者邮寄出境。
第三十条 居住在中国境内的中国人、外国侨民和无国籍人所持有的人民币支票、汇票、存折、存单等人民币有价凭证,不得携带、托带或者邮寄出境。

第七章 附 则
第三十一条 对违反本条例规定者,任何单位、个人都有权检举揭发。对检举揭发有功的单位、个人,给予奖励。对违法案件,由国家外汇管理总局、分局,或者由公安部门、工商行政管理部门、海关,按其情节轻重,强制实行收兑外汇,单处或者并处罚款、没收财物,或者由司法机
关依法惩处。
第三十二条 经济特区、边境贸易和边民往来的外汇管理办法,由有关省、市、自治区人民政府根据本条例规定结合当地具体情况制订,报国务院批准后施行。
第三十三条 本条例的施行细则,由国家外汇管理总局制定。
第三十四条 本条例自一九八一年三月一日起施行。(附英文)


Important Notice: (注意事项)

英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)

INTERIM REGULATIONS ON FOREIGN EXCHANGE CONTROL OF THE PEOPLE'S
REPUBLIC OF CHINA
(Promulgated by the State Council on December 18, 1980)

Chapter I General Provisions

Article 1
These Regulations are formulated for the purpose of strengthening foreign
exchange control, increasing national foreign exchange income and
economizing on foreign exchange expenditure so as to facilitate the
development of national economy and safeguard the rights and interests of
the country.
All foreign exchange income and expenditure, the issuance and circulation
of all kinds of payment instruments in foreign currency, and the carrying
of foreign exchange, precious metals and payment instruments in foreign
currency into and out of the territory of the People's Republic of China
shall be governed by these Regulations.
Article 2
Foreign exchange mentioned in these Regulations refers to:
a. foreign currencies, including banknotes, coins, etc.
b. securities in foreign currency, including government bonds, treasury
bills, corporate bonds and debentures, stocks, and interest coupons, etc.
c. instruments payable in foreign currency, including bills, drafts,
cheques, bank deposit certificates, postal savings certificates, etc.
d. other foreign exchange funds.
Article 3
The People's Republic of China pursues the policy of centralized control
and unified management of foreign exchange by the State.
The administrative agency of the People's Republic of China in charge of
foreign exchange control is the State Administration of Foreign Exchange
Control (SAFEC) and its branch offices.
The specialized bank of the People's Republic of China engaged in foreign
exchange business is the Bank of China. No other financial institution
shall engage in foreign exchange business, unless approved by the SAFEC.
Article 4
All Chinese and foreign organizations or individuals within the territory
of the People's Republic of China must, unless otherwise stipulated by
law, decrees and these Regulations, sell their foreign exchange to the
Bank of China. Any foreign exchange they required is to be sold to them by
the Bank of China in accordance with the plans approved by the State or
with relevant provisions.
The circulation, use and mortgage of foreign currency, the unauthorized
sales and purchases of foreign exchange, and the unlawful procurement of
foreign exchange or evasion of foreign exchange control by whatever means
are prohibited within the territory of the People's Republic of China.

Chapter II Foreign Exchange Control Relating to State Units and Collective Economic Organizations

Article 5
All the foreign exchange incomes and expenditures of State organs, units
of the armed forces, nongovernmental bodies, schools, State enterprises,
institutions and urban and rural collective economic organizations within
China's territory (hereinafter referred to as organizations within
territory) are all subject to planned control. Organizations within
territory are permitted to hold their retained foreign exchange in
accordance with the relevant provisions.
Article 6
Unless approved by the SAFEC or its branch offices, organizations within
territory shall not possess foreign exchange; deposit foreign exchange
abroad; offset foreign exchange expenditure against foreign exchange
income; or use the foreign exchange belonging to State organs stationed
abroad or enterprises and institutions established in foreign countries or
in the Hong Kong and Macao regions by the State, by way of borrowing or
acquisition.
Article 7
Unless approved by the State Council, organizations within territory shall
not issue securities with foreign exchange value inside or outside China.
Article 8
With regard to loans to be accepted by organizations within territory from
banks or enterprises in foreign countries or in the Hong Kong and Macao
regions, the relevant competent departments under the State Council or the
relevant people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and
municipalities directly under the Central Government shall consolidate and
draw up overall annual plans for such loans which must be submitted to the
SAFEC and the Foreign Investment Control Commission for examination and
transmission to the State Council for approval.
The measures for examining and approving such loans shall be prescribed
separately.
Article 9
Any foreign exchange held by organizations within territory, including
their retained foreign exchange, non-trade foreign exchange and foreign
exchange under compensatory trade received in advance and reserved for
later payments, funds borrowed in convertible foreign currencies and other
foreign exchange held with the approval of the SAFEC or its branch offices
must be placed in foreign currency deposit accounts or foreign currency
quota accounts to be opened with the Bank of China, and must be used
within the prescribed scope and be subject to the supervision of the Bank
of China.

Article 10
When organizations within territory import or export goods, the banks
handling the transactions shall check their foreign exchange receipts and
payments either against the import or export licenses duly verified by the
Customs or against the Customs declaration forms for imports or exports.
Article 11
State organs stationed abroad must use foreign exchange according to the
plan approved by the State.
The profits derived from their business operations by enterprises and
institutions established in foreign countries or in the Hong Kong and
Macao regions, except for the portion kept there as working funds
according to the plan approved by the State, must be transferred back on
schedule and be sold to the Bank of China.
No organization stationed abroad is permitted to keep foreign exchange for
organizations within territory without authorization.
Article 12
Delegations and working groups sent temporarily to foreign countries or to
the Hong Kong and Macao regions must use foreign exchange according to
their respective specific plans, and must, upon completion of their
missions and return, promptly transfer back to China their surplus foreign
exchange to be checked by and sold to the Bank of China. Foreign exchange
earned in their various business activities by the delegations and working
groups mentioned in the preceding paragraph and by members thereof, must
be promptly transferred back to China and must not be kept abroad without
the approval of the SAFEC or its branch offices.

Chapter III Foreign Exchange Control Relating to Individuals

Article 13
Foreign exchange remitted from foreign countries or from the Hong Kong and
Macao regions to Chinese, foreign nationals and stateless persons residing
in China must be sold to the Bank of China, except the portion retained as
permitted by the State.
Article 14
Chinese, foreign nationals and stateless persons residing in China shall
be permitted to keep in their own possession foreign exchange already in
China.
The foreign exchange mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall not,
without authorization, be carried or sent out of China either by owners or
by others or by post. If the owners need to sell the foreign exchange,
they must sell it to the Bank of China and are permitted to retain a
portion of the foreign exchange according to the percentage prescribed by
the State.
Article 15
When the foreign exchange that has been kept in foreign countries or in
the Hong Kong and Macao regions by Chinese residing in China prior to the
founding of the People's Republic of China, by overseas Chinese prior to
their returning to and settling down in China, or by Hong Kong and Macao
compatriots prior to their returning to and settling down in their native
places, is transferred to China, the owners shall be permitted to retain a
portion of the foreign exchange according to the percentage prescribed by
the State.
Article 16
When the foreign exchange belonging personally to individuals sent to work
or study in foreign countries or in the Hong Kong and Macao regions is
remitted or brought back to China, the owners, upon the completion of
their missions and return, shall be permitted to retain the entire amount
of the foreign exchange.
Article 17
The percentages of foreign exchange retention permitted under Articles 13,
14, and 15 of these Regulations shall be prescribed separately.
Foreign exchange retained by individuals as permitted under Articles 13,
14, 15, and 16 of these Regulations must be deposited with the Bank of
China. These foreign exchange deposits may be sold to the Bank of China or
remitted out of China through the Bank of China, or taken out of China
against certification by the Bank of China. It is however not permitted,
without authorization, to carry or send deposit certificates out of China
either by holders or by others or by post.

Article 18
The foreign exchange remitted or brought into China from foreign countries
or from the Hong Kong and Macao regions by foreign nationals coming to
China, by overseas Chinese and Hong Kong and Macao compatriots returning
for a short stay, by foreign experts, technicians, staff members and
workers engaged to work in organizations within China, and by foreign
students and trainees, may be kept in their own possession, or sold to or
deposited with the Bank of China, or remitted or taken out of China.
Article 19
Chinese, foreign nationals and stateless persons residing in China may
apply to the local branch offices of the SAFEC for the purchase of foreign
exchange to be remitted or taken out of China. Upon approval of such
applications, the required foreign exchange shall be sold to the
applicants by the Bank of China.
When foreign experts, technicians, staff members and workers engaged to
work in organizations within territory are to remit or take out of China
their foreign exchange, the Bank of China shall handle the matter in
accordance with the stipulations as provided in the relevant contracts or
agreements.

Chapter IV Foreign Exchange Control Relating to Foreign Resident Representative Offices in China and Their Personnel

Article 20
Foreign exchange remitted or brought into China from foreign countries or
from the Hong Kong and Macao regions by foreign diplomatic missions,
consular posts, commercial offices, offices of international organizations
and nongovernmental bodies resident office in China, foreign diplomatic
and consular officers as well as other resident staff members of the
aforesaid missions, posts and offices, may be kept in their own
possession, or sold to or deposited with the Bank of China, or remitted or
taken out of China.
Article 21
The conversion into foreign currency, if required, of visa and
certification fees received in Renminbi from Chinese citizens by foreign
diplomatic missions and consular posts in China, is subject to approval by
the SAFEC or its branch offices.

Chapter V Foreign Exchange Control Relating to Enterprises with Overseas Chinese Capital, Foreign-Capital Enterprises, and Chinese- Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and Their Personnel

Article 22
All foreign exchange receipts of enterprises with overseas Chinese
capital, foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-foreign equity joint
ventures must be deposited with the Bank of China, and all their foreign
exchange disbursements must be effected from their foreign exchange
deposit accounts.
The enterprises mentioned in the preceding paragraph must periodically
submit their statements of foreign exchange business to the SAFEC or its
branch offices, all of which are empowered to check on the movements of
the foreign exchange receipts and payments of these enterprises.
Article 23
Except where otherwise approved by the SAFEC or its branch offices,
Renminbi shall in all cases be used in the settlement of accounts between
enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises,
Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures on the one hand and other
enterprises or individuals residing in the People's Republic of China on
the other hand.
Article 24
Enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and
foreign joint venturers in Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures may apply
to the Bank of China for remitting abroad their net profits as well as
other legitimate earnings after taxation according to law, by debiting the
foreign exchange deposit accounts of the enterprises concerned.
Where the enterprises and foreign joint ventures mentioned in the
preceding paragraph are to transfer foreign exchange capital abroad, they
shall apply to the SAFEC or its branch offices for the transfer by
debiting the foreign exchange deposit accounts of the enterprises
concerned.
Article 25
An amount not exceeding 50% of their after-tax legitimate net earnings
from wages, etc. may be remitted or taken out of China in foreign
currency by staff members and workers of foreign nationality and those
from the Hong Kong and Macao regions employed by enterprises with overseas
Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-foreign equity
joint ventures.
Article 26
Enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and
Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures which wind up operations in
accordance with legal procedure, shall be responsible for the liquidation,
within the scheduled period, of their outstanding liabilities and taxes
due in China under the joint supervision of the relevant competent
departments and the SAFEC or its branch offices.

Chapter VI Control Relating to Carrying Foreign Exchange, Precious Metals and Payment Instruments in Foreign Currency into and out of China

Article 27
No restriction as to the amount is imposed on the carrying into China of
foreign exchange, precious metals and objects made from them, but
declaration to the Customs is required at the place of entry.
To carry out of China foreign exchange or the foreign exchange previously
brought in shall be permitted by the Customs against certification by the
Bank of China or against the original declaration form filled out at the
time of entry.
To carry out of China precious metals and objects made from them or the
precious metals and objects made from them previously brought in shall be
permitted by the Customs according to the specific circumstances as
prescribed by State regulations or against the original declaration form
filled out at the time of entry.
Article 28
To bring into China Renminbi traveller's cheques, traveller's letters of
credit and other Renminbi payment instruments convertible into foreign
currency shall be permitted by the Customs against the declaration form
filled out at the Customs; and to take the same out of China shall be
permitted by the Customs against certification by the Bank of China or
against the original declaration form filled out at the time of entry.
Article 29
Unless otherwise approved by the SAFEC or its branch offices, it is not
permitted to carry or send out of China by holders or by others or by post
such certificates and deeds held by Chinese residing in China as bonds,
debentures, share certificates issued abroad; title deeds for real estate
abroad; other documents or deeds involving the disposal of creditor's
right, inheritance, real estate or other foreign exchange assets abroad.
Article 30
The carrying or sending out of China of Renminbi instruments, such as
Renminbi cheques, drafts, passbooks and deposit certificates, held by
Chinese or foreign nationals or stateless persons residing in China, is
not permitted, either by holders or by others or by post.

Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

Article 31
All units and individuals have the right to report any violation of these
Regulations. Rewards shall be given to such units or individuals
according to the merits of the report. Violators shall be penalized by the
SAFEC, its branch offices or by public security organs, or by
administrative departments of industry and commerce, or by the Customs. In
light of the seriousness of the offence, the penalties may take the form
of compulsory exchange of the foreign currency for Renminbi, or fine or
confiscation of the properties or both, or punishment by judicial organs
according to law.
Article 32
The exchange control measures for special economic zones, for frontier
trade and for personal dealings between inhabitants across the border
shall be formulated, in accordance with these Regulations, by the people's
governments of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities
directly under the Central Government in the light of actual local
conditions, be submitted to the State Council for approval and be enforced
thereupon.
Article 33
Rules for the implementation of these Regulations shall be formulated by
the SAFEC.
Article 34
These Regulations shall enter into effect on March 1, 1981.



1980年12月18日
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南京市人民代表大会常务委员会关于修改《南京市地下文物保护管理规定》的决定

江苏省南京市人大常委会


南京市人民代表大会常务委员会关于修改《南京市地下文物保护管理规定》的决定


(2004年5月27日南京市第十三届人民代表大会常务委员会第十次会议通过 2004年6月17日江苏省第十届人民代表大会常务委员会第十次会议批准 2004年6月28日南京市人民代表大会常务委员会公告第16号公布 自2004年7月1日起施行)



南京市第十三届人民代表大会常务委员会第十次会议决定对《南京市地下文物保护管理规定》作如下修改:

一、第七条修改为:“地下文物重点保护区内的建设工程、重点保护区以外占地面积五万平方米以上的建设工程,施工前必须依照法律、法规的规定,经过考古调查勘探。”

二、第十一条第一款修改为:“因基本建设而进行的考古调查勘探和考古发掘,应当由具有考古团体领队资格的单位,按照国家规定的批准程序进行,并接受市文物行政主管部门的监督检查。”

三、第十三条修改为:“为科学研究而在本市进行考古发掘项目,应当按照法律、法规的规定报批,并报市文物行政主管部门备案。”

四、第十八条第一项修改为:“违反第七条规定,建设单位未经文物行政主管部门组织考古调查勘探而进行建设施工的,由市文物行政主管部门责令其停止施工、限期改正,可以并处二万元以下罚款;”

五、第十八条第三项修改为:“违反第十一条第一款规定,未取得考古团体领队资格或者未按照国家规定的批准程序,擅自进行考古调查勘探或者考古发掘的,由文物行政主管部门责令停止,追缴出土文物,可以并处一万元以下罚款;”

本决定自2004年7月1日起施行。

《南京市地下文物保护管理规定》根据本决定作相应修改,重新公布。



附:南京市地下文物保护管理规定(2004年修正本)

(1999年7月16日南京市第十二届人民代表大会常务委员会第十次会议制定 1999年10月30日江苏省第九届人民代表大会常务委员会第十二次会议批准 根据2004年5月27日南京市第十三届人民代表大会常务委员会第十次会议通过,2004年6月17日江苏省第十届人民代表大会常务委员会第十次会议批准的《关于修改〈南京市地下文物保护管理规定〉的决定》修正)

第一条 为了加强地下文物的保护和管理,促进文物保护和城市建设协调发展,根据《中华人民共和国文物保护法》等有关法律、法规,结合本市实际,制定本规定。

第二条 本市行政区域内地下文物的保护和管理适用本规定。

第三条 本规定所称地下文物是指地下和水下具有历史、艺术、科学价值的历史遗存物,包括:古墓葬、古文化遗址、古城址、古居址、古作坊遗址、古寺庙遗址、古桥梁、古河道、古街道、古涵闸、古井、古窑址、古窖藏及其他地下遗存文物。

第四条 地下文物属于国家所有。

任何单位和个人都有保护地下文物的权利和义务。

第五条 本市各级人民政府负有保护辖区内地下文物的责任。

市人民政府文物行政主管部门负责全市地下文物的保护和管理工作。各区、县文物行政主管部门按照规定的权限负责辖区内地下文物的保护和管理工作。

建设、规划、工商行政、公安、海关等有关部门,应当按照各自职责,协同做好地下文物的保护和管理工作。

第六条 根据本市历史发展沿革及地下文物分布的状况,在本市行政区域内确定下列地下文物重点保护区:

(一)汤山、薛城史前遗址区;

(二)石头城遗址区;

(三)六朝、南唐、明代西城及御道遗址区;

(四)内秦淮河两岸十朝遗存区;

(五)六朝陵墓区;

(六)幕府山、雨花台、铁心桥、西善桥古墓葬群区;

(七)明代开国功臣墓葬区;

(八)其他经考古勘探和发掘确定的地下文物重点保护区。

上述地下文物重点保护区列具体范围,由市文物行政主管部门会同市建设、规划行政主管部门共同划定,报市人民政府批准后公布。

第七条 地下文物重点保护区内的建设工程、重点保护区以外占地面积五万平方米以上的建设工程,施工前必须依照法律、法规的规定,经过考古调查勘探。

第八条 在本规定第七条规定的范围内,经考古调查勘探,地下确有文物遗存的,应当先期进行与工程范围相应的考古发掘。

第九条 任何单位和个人在建设工程施工中发现地下文物,应当立即停止施工,采取临时性措施保护好现场,并在四小时内报告建设单位和文物行政主管部门;建设单位在接到报告后十二小时内,应当将保护措施报告文物行政主管部门;文物行政主管部门在接到建设单位或者施工单位的报告后二十四小时内,应当提出处理意见并通知建设、施工单位。

第十条 任何基本建设工程自发现地下文物至考古发掘开始前,施工单位应当指定专人保护地下文物现场,在考古发掘结束前,不得继续施工。公安部门应当协助文物行政主管部门保护地下文物的发现现场。

在地下文物发现现场,任何单位和个人不得擅自挖掘、捡拾、藏匿、转移地下文物;不得阻挠文物行政主管部门和考古发掘单位的工作人员进行调查和考古发掘。

第十一条 因基本建设而进行的考古调查勘探和考古发掘,应当由具有考古团体领队资格的单位,按照国家规定的批准程序进行,并接受市文物行政主管部门的监督检查。

前款规定的考古调查勘探和考古发掘的费用,依照国家有关规定,列入建设工程投资预算,由建设单位支付。

第十二条 市文物行政主管部门应当在考古发掘结束后,立即将处理意见书面通知建设单位和施工单位;可以恢复施工的,应当立即通知其恢复施工。考古发掘结束后三十日内,考古发掘单位应当将出土文物清单和考古发掘情况书面报告省、市文物行政主管部门。

本市行政区域内的出土文物,经考古发掘单位整理研究后,由市文物行政主管部门报经上级文物行政主管部门批准,指定具备收藏条件的单位收藏保管。

第十三条 为科学研究而在本市进行考古发掘项目,应当按照法律、法规的规定报批,并报市文物行政主管部门备案。

第十四条 经考古发掘认为具有重大历史、艺术、科学价值的地下文物遗存,由市文物行政主管部门确定为临时文物保护单位,并按照国家有关规定分别确定为不同级别的文物保护单位。确定为临时文物保护单位的,其期限不得超过一年。

第十五条 任何外国人或者外国团体未经国家特别许可,不得在本市行政区域内进行考古调查勘探和发掘。

第十六条 工商行政、公安、海关等部门追缴的出土文物,应当在结案后及时按照有关规定移交给文物行政主管部门。

第十七条 本市各级人民政府对于在保护地下文物方面有下列事迹之一的单位或者个人,应当给予表彰和奖励:

(一)及时报告并提供重大考古发现线索的;

(二)保护具有重大考古价值的地下文物遗存免遭破坏、流失的;

(三)积极配合文物行政主管部门保护重大考古发掘现场的;

(四)在地下文物考古发掘工作中做出重大贡献或者取得重大成果的;

(五)积极协助文物行政主管部门追缴流失的出土文物,成绩显著的。

第十八条 违反本规定,任何单位和个人有下列行为之一的,给予处罚:

(一)违反第七条规定,建设单位未经文物行政主管部门组织考古调查勘探而进行建设施工的,由市文物行政主管部门责令其停止施工、限期改正,可以并处二万元以下罚款;

(二)违反第九条、第十条第一款规定,施工单位发现地下文物不按规定上报、不采取保护措施或者继续施工的,由文物行政主管部门责令其停止施工,可以并处一万元以下罚款;造成地下文物损坏的,责令其恢复原状或者赔偿损失,可以并处二万元以下罚款;

(三)违反第十一条第一款规定,未取得考古团体领队资格或者未按照国家规定的批准程序,擅自进行考古调查勘探或者考古发掘的,由文物行政主管部门责令停止,追缴出土文物,可以并处一万元以下罚款;

(四)违反第十条第二款规定的,由公安机关依法给予行政处罚;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。

第十九条 盗掘古墓葬、古文化遗址或者造成地下文物重大损毁,以及珍贵出土文物流失、毁坏构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。

第二十条 文物管理工作人员违反本规定,玩忽职守、滥用职权、徇私舞弊的,由其所在单位或者上级主管部门给予行政处分;造成经济损失的,责令赔偿损失;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。

第二十一条 本规定中受损坏文物的赔偿数额,根据责任人应当承担的法律责任,参照文物鉴定机构鉴定的文物等级和有资质的文物资产评估机构评定的价值确定。

第二十二条 当事人对行政处罚决定不服的,可以依法申请复议或者提起诉讼。逾期不申请复议,也不提起诉讼,又不履行行政处罚决定的,由作出处罚决定的机关申请人民法院强制执行。

第二十三条 本规定自2000年1月1日起施行。


对“流氓软件”的违法性分析

白静浦


  我们不妨来分析一下制作与使用流氓软件者的目的。对于网民来说,流氓软件除了给网络生活带来无休止的干扰与系统损失外,几乎找不到一点可取之处。但是,从网络技术来看,它却“成绩斐然”——虚增了点击率、创造了广告效益、收集网民宝贵的上网信息。也恰恰是这些功能,给那些不惜毁坏业内声誉与牺牲网民信用指数的公司带来巨大的经济利益。首先,虚增点击率,使其网站的身价提高,从而吸引了更多的投资者;其次,这是一个散布广告的绝好平台,流氓软件根本无需用户的授权即可随意弹出广告,而网络广告的计费是据广告弹出次数进行的,若流氓软件“一路顺风”地发展下去的话,网络公司的广告业务借助流氓软件可谓是“一劳永逸”;再次,网民的上网信息对于网络公司来说是一种宝贵的资源,收集方可将信息出卖给第三方,或是通过对其信息的分析了解用户的喜好以便能“投其所好”地向该用户发送广告,这里隐藏的是营销利益。就如联盟发起人董海平所说的,“一个小插件公司月收入在百万元以上绝对正常,一个成熟网站凭借流氓软件收入甚至上千万元”。
  由此可见,流氓软件迅猛的发展,其源动力来自于利益的驱逐。而其导致的结果是:用户上网效率与质量下降、互联网信誉度大跌。利用流氓软件牟取暴利的行径显然是违反社会公德的,但是对其是否违法却存在很大的争议。在“反流氓软件”联盟的诉讼中,网友所依据的法律似乎有理但又有些牵强,下面就所涉及的法规逐一进行分析。
  (一)侵犯公民隐私权
  用户的上网信息属于个人隐私,而部分流氓软件则在未经用户授权甚至一无所知的情况下盗取用户的上网数据或分析用户的网络行为,将它销售给第三方,在我们看来,这的确侵犯了网友的隐私权。但是,我国现行的立法和司法解释一般把隐私权包含在名誉权中,最高人民法院的司法解释规定:“对未经他人同意,擅自公布他人的隐私材料或以书面、口头形式宣扬他人隐私,致使他人名誉受到损害的,按照侵害他人名誉权处理。”也就是说,现阶段我国的民法体系没有把隐私权确认为一种独立的民事权利,对隐私权采取的是间接保护,名誉权是否被侵害成为隐私权是否被侵害的前提条件。另外,涉及盗取隐私数据的间谍软件、行为记录软件、恶意共享软件,由于技术问题使得取证成为一大难题。
  (二)侵犯公民财产权
  由于流氓软件具有强制安装特性,即非法占用了内存空间、系统资源,可认定为侵犯了网民的虚拟财产。根据《民法通则》规定,公民的合法财产受法律保护,禁止任何组织或者个人破坏。流氓软件在大量耗费用户电脑的硬盘、内存、CPU的同时,还会对电脑中的其他软件进行某种程度的修改,因此也侵害了用户对电脑硬件与软件的使用权。然而,虚拟财产是一个新兴名词,法律上对该词还未有一个正式的、明确的解释,而在业界虚拟财产范围目前还只限于游戏玩家资料与游戏人物和装备。尽管从理论上讲,CPU、内存等资源划为虚拟财产似乎不为过,但是,就当前的经验来说,认同度还有限。
  (三)侵犯消费者权益
  流氓软件一般在网民进行浏览网页、下载、注册等过程中,在未经用户许可或用户毫不知情的情况下强制下载并安装在用户机器上。网民普遍认为,其行为违反了《消费者权益保护法》的第八条、第九条、第十条,侵犯了消费者的知情权、选择权、公平交易权、财产损害赔偿。可是,在审视主体资格时,我们又得打个疑问号了。按《消费者权益保护法》的规定,消费者应该是为个人的目的购买或使用商品和接受服务的社会成员。构成消费者主体应具备以下几要素:第一,消费者应当是公民为生活目的而进行的消费,如果消费的目的是用于生产,则不属于消费者范畴;第二,消费者应当是商品或服务的受用者;第三,消费的客体是指进入流通领域的商品与服务;第四,消费者主要是指个人消费。而流氓软件的发布者与被强制安装该软件的机器的主人之间是否构成消费关系还有待商榷。主体关系尚不能确定,据此来维权显然有些无力。
  (四)流氓软件发布者涉嫌不正当竞争
  根据《中华人民共和国反不正当竞争法》第九条规定,经营者不得利用广告或者其他方法对商品的质量、制作成分、性能、用途、生产的有效期限、产地等有误解的虚假宣传。而许多流氓软件要么没有将其功能告诉用户,要么作虚假宣传将自己包装成一匹“披着羊皮的狼”以诱骗用户。
  (五)违反合同法
  《合同法》第三条规定:“合同当事人的法律地位平等,一方不得将自己的意志强加给另一方”。网络用户在平等自愿的基础上充分了解某款软件,这是一种资助缔约的行为,而流氓软件发布者显然在有意识地规避用户的资助缔约,进而强行让对方缔约,这违反了诚信与公平原则,是侵权行为。
  (六)违反刑法有关规定
  破坏计算机信息系统罪,指违反国家规定,对计算机信息系统功能进行删除、修改、增加、干扰,造成计算机信息系统不能正常运行,或者对计算机信息系统中存储、处理或者传输的数据和应用程序进行删除、修改、增加的操作,或者故意制作、传播计算机病毒,影响计算机系统正常运行,后果严重的行为。这里的破坏行为包括以下几种情况:一种是破坏计算机信息系统功能,即违反《计算机信息系统安全保护条例》、《计算机软件保护条例》等法规,对计算机中按照一定的应用目标和规则进行采集、加工、存储、传输、检索信息的功用和能力予以删除、修改、增加或干扰,使计算机信息系统失去正常功能,不能运行或不能按原来设计的要求运行。第二种是破坏计算机信息系统数据和应用程序,即违反《计算机信息系统安全保护条例》等规定,对计算机信息系统中实际处理的一切有意义的文字、符号、声音、图像等内容的组合以及用户按计算机数据库授予的子模式的逻辑结构、收发室方式进行数据操作和运算的程序予以全部或部分删除、更改或者增加;第三种是制作、传播计算机病毒等破坏性程序,即通过计算机编制、设计隐藏在可执行程序或数据文件中而在计算机内部运行的一种破坏计算机信息系统功能、毁坏数据或攻击硬件等影响计算机使用并能自我复制的计算机指令或程序代码等,或者通过计算机信息系统(含网络)直接输入、输出这种破坏性程序,以及将经输入破坏性程序的软件加以派送、散布和销售。后果严重,则主要表现为使重要的计算机信息系统功能遭受严重损害的,或者严重破坏计算机信息系统的有效运行、影响正常的工作和生活的,或者因破坏行为给国家、集体以及他人造成重大损失或造成恶劣社会影响的,等等。根据《刑法》第二百六十八条的规定,犯破坏计算机信息系统罪的,处5年以下有期徒刑,后果特别严重的,处5年以上有期徒刑。
  流氓软件通过强制安装、截获用户数据、劫持浏览器、任意弹出广告等方式破坏了用户的计算机系统这是一个不争的事实,乍一看,其斑班劣迹与破坏计算机信息系统罪相当地吻合,足以让广大受害网友心中一快。而遗憾的是,刑法上规定,破坏计算机信息系统罪的主体为年满16周岁并具有刑事责任能力的自然人。而互联网上流氓软件发布者似乎都是法人。正所谓“法网恢恢”,网是有漏洞的,而“流氓软件”正是一条漏网之鱼。